Argumentative Essay On The Backfire Effect - 841 Words

Have you ever had an argument with a person and still didn’t manage to change their standpoint after confronting them with information that contradicts theirs? If you answered â€Å"Yes†, then you’ve gone through the backfire effect. The backfire effect is when an opinion is being challenged by opposing information but instead of being proven wrong and changing opinion, it gets stronger. The argument McRaney is making on his article shows that the backfire effect favors the person’s belief when the other person disagrees and begins to give facts opposing their opinion. The backfire effect makes a persons opinion be stronger when its contradicted with information because the person doesnt seem to change their opinion when challenged with facts†¦show more content†¦The writer seems to use emotional appeal by trying to engage the reader by using â€Å"you† as if he’s having a conversation with the reader and make the individual think ab out an experience he/she had whenever they were in an argument either with their friends or social medias. The writer also talks about how the backfire effect correlates with advertisements. Advertisements are based on a person’s preference, where they’re from, the time of the day or just anything that will be related to the person. Reading this information will make the reader feel as if advertisements are creepy. The writer’s purpose is to inform people of what the backfire is and what it does by using historical events, the media, and studies from university students showing how each one of them uses the backfire effect. At the beginning of the article, McRaney explains that there were two university student who created fake newspapers about certain issues then they studied people on their behaviors when they were given the fake newspaper and the newspaper that consisted of true information. Same goes with Obama’s birth place. There were certain people who didn’t believe that he was from the United States but after they were shown Obama’s birth certificate, they started to gather information to make themselves feel like they were right and ignore the evidence presented to them. A weakness that I found from this article was that it talksShow MoreRelatedEssay Questions On Disobedience And Rebellion3173 Words   |  13 PagesDraft for Argumentative Essay Thoughts of disobedience and rebellion have existed for almost as long as the first law or rule that could be broken. These thoughts come naturally to us, being humans we are curious and we wonder, what would happen if we were to do something different, something off the beaten path. This curiosity has fueled, our evolution, our development to the beings that we are now. It has spawned the thoughts of morality and justice that caused the subject of this essay, civil disobedienceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesglOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace 64 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Attitudes 70 What Are the Main Components of Attitudes? 70 †¢ Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 †¢ What Are the Major Job AttitudesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesgeneralizations and panacea-like prescriptions appear regularly in the popular management literature. To ensure the validity of the behavioral guidelines being prescribed, the learning approach must include scientifically based knowledge about the effects of the management principles being presented. Second, individuals must be aware of their current level of skill competency and be motivated to improve upon that level in order to benefit from the model. Most people receive very little feedback about

Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion Free Essays

For this assignment I am going to discuss Freud’s perspective of personality development. Freud used psychoanalytic theories that are based around the emotional development of the personality, whereas Erikson’s psychosocial theory focuses more on the role of social factors in development. Personality development can be broken down into three strands within Freud’s theory: the personality structure, defence mechanisms and psychosexual development. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personality can be defined as ‘ the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individual’s personal style, and influence his or her interactions with the environment’. (Atkinson et al, 1992) Freud developed his theories by psychoanalysing adults, mostly middle-aged women and individuals with personality problems. He used various methods to study his patients, such as, dream analysis; which are interpretations of individual’s dreams as they are a â€Å"window on the unconscious† (Davenport, 1988), free association; where the person is given a word or a phrase and encouraged to say the first thing that enters their head and ‘slips of the tongue’; which is when a person says something in error but these can subconsciously reflect what they really mean. Freud suggests that adult personality is derived from the interaction between the desires for pleasure and how early desires were gratified. He believed that all human behaviour is controlled by drives, which he relates to human instincts. Freud insisted that there are two forces feeding our instinctual urges with energy; the Libido and the Death Instinct; the Libido being a sexual energy and the Death Instinct being more of an aggressive energy. According to Freud, the adult human mind is made up of three different parts and levels of awareness; the unconscious mind, which he named the ‘Id’; the preconscious mind, which he named the ‘Superego’, and the conscious mind, which he named the ‘Ego’. The Id is at the centre of a person’s very being. It is the initial part of a human’s personality structure, which exists, right from birth and can be described as the most primitive instinct. This part of the personality craves satisfaction and pleasure; therefore it has been coined ‘the pleasure principle’. The Ego is known as the second part of the personality structure. This is the part of our personality that keeps us in touch with reality. Its aim is to protect us and it helps us to perform tasks safely; therefore-coined ‘the reality principle’. The Ego controls both other parts of the personality, the Id and the Superego, which help keep our lives in balance. The last part of the personality structure is the Superego. This is the part that moulds our morals and conscience. It helps prevent us from doing things, which we have learnt and know to be morally wrong; therefore this part has been coined ‘the morality principle’. The ego ideal exists as part of the superego. Rather than telling us what we should not do, the ego ideal tells us what is good and what we should do and be like. If the person has a strong superego they are more likely to have stronger morals than a person with a weak superego. Because the Id and the Superego are always conflicting against one another, the Ego needs to have strategies to reduce anxiety. This helps push problems away and in a way pretending the problems don’t exist, a form of denial, these are known as defence mechanisms. Another defence mechanism is repression; this is where the Id’s impulses are blocked from reaching the conscious mind. There are a number of other defence mechanisms, including projection; where unacceptable desires or characteristics are projected on to someone else, and displacement; this refers to the transfer of repressed desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object. (Mike Cardwell, 2000) Freud’s contributions with his theories on defence mechanisms are still being practiced today and are experienced as valid and useful. According to Freud we acquire our personalities in several stages, known as psychosexual development. Freud thought that different parts of our bodies become particularly sensitive as we grow through these different stages; he called these areas erogenous zones. (Davenport, 1988) As children grow up and are experiencing the stages of psychosexual development, different parts of their bodies become more sensitive, first the mouth, then the anus, then the phallus, and finally the genitals. The libido seeks pleasure through these erogenous zones. The five different stages of psychosexual development are labelled as: The Oral Stage – this is the first year of a baby’s life where the baby gains pleasure from sucking and biting. The Id exists here right from birth. The Anal Stage – this is around the age of one to about three years where the pleasure derives from retaining and expelling faeces. At this stage the Ego begins to develop. The Phallic Stage – this is around three until six years where the sensitivity is placed around the genitals. This is the where the Oedipal Complex or the Electra Complex unfolds. It is during this stage the Superego starts to develop. The Latency Period – this is around seven until twelve years where the body seems to have no sensitised area. A child will be more interested in interacting with other people but are not strongly attracted to others. The Genital Stage – this is around the age of 14 to 17 years. The child becomes more aware of the opposite gender and a sexual awareness is developed. The Oedipal Conflict that occurs in the Phallic Stage involves the child experiencing feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent. The child experiences a fear that the same sex parent will find out and punish them for this, resulting in feelings of envy and the development of ‘castration anxiety’. Whilst all this is happening to the child subconsciously, they start to become more like the same sex parent adopting their characteristics to conquer the Oedipal Conflict, (known as the ‘Electra Complex’ in girls). This is known as ‘Identification’. His ideas on psychosexual development are known to be quite controversial, as they seem to be overly obsessed with sexuality. Freud developed the theory that sex was a major motivational force at a time of great sexual repression. This could have caused sex to be something that was repressed in many minds (Beryard Hayes, 1994). Freud alleges emotional disturbances that occur in adult life could be to do with poor psychosexual development. He believes that a person could be fixated at an early pleasure seeking stage of the development. This is caused if the child experiences severe problems or excessive gratification at any of the stages. The adult may display regression whereby their behaviour could become less mature and similar to behaviour displayed at the stage, which they are fixated. Freud places great importance on the roles of regression and fixation in determining personality. Freud’s theories have not been without criticism, they have mostly been criticised for being unscientific. His research support seems to be rather weak as the case studies he carried out mainly consisted of adults, mostly middle-aged women, from the same culture, so the results may be biased. The only child Freud studied was Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, who suffered from a phobia. Freud’s ‘evidence’ for his explanation of how children’s personalities grow does not come from experiments or any scientifically acceptable means of data collection. It doesn’t even come from observing ‘normal’ children. It comes from the dreams and spoken memory of a relatively small number of people who mostly lived in Vienna, who had some personality ‘problems’. (Davenport, 1988) Another method Freud used to analysis people was hypnosis. This was another widely criticised method, as even Freud admitted himself can be suggestive. However, despite many criticisms Freud remains known for having the most influential impact in modern psychology, especially in the areas of abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy. Today his ideas are used in everything from childcare, education, literary criticism, and psychiatry. He founded the psychoanalytic movement, which today many Neo-Freudians still actively use, although the emphasis of it is different. 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Essay Caption Ethics of Research

Question: Discuss about the Essay Caption for Ethics of Research. Answer: When we talk about ethics, it does not mean that rules are bounded with the differentiation between rights and wrong, while it defines about norms of conduct that differentiates between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Ethical norms are much broader and informal than the laws. Most of the societies take help of the laws for enforcing the widely accepted moral standards, legal and ethical rules. An action may become illegal but ethical or legal but unethical. The ethical concepts are also used in the research to evaluate, criticize, interpret, and propose the laws (Social Research Methods, 2006). In the present research, interview method is adopted for the collection of data and analysis of information. Interview method is adopted because it is perceived that it is object-oriented process comprising of feeding controlled observations. All these observations are derived using theories, generalizations and principles. The whole research is related with the perceived issues that have been raised by the stereotyping women for the role of media. The approaches used for making classification are qualitative and quantitative approach. Under quantitative research approach, the researchers were more focused towards the conclusive analysis process for the derivation of suitable outcomes. On the other hand, qualitative approaches were more concerned about the assessment of intangible aspects related with the research. The researchers have taken special care about the ethical concerns of the research as they have made its compliance compulsory. Maintenance of confidentiality, fulfillment of research formalities and legitimate utilization of research are some of the ethical concerns of this research. Out of all such ethical concerns, confidentiality was ranked on the first position because disobedience of this concern may cause issues in personal and professional lives of the researchers. The major purpose of maintaining ethical concerns is to maintain the uniformity of research with full validity and accuracy. The ethics can also be defined using another way that focuses upon discipline of the study. These ethics follow the following standards of conduct such as theology, sociology, psychology, law, philosophy etc. One can also describe ethics as a procedure, perspective or methods that helps in making decisions that how to react and analyze the complex issues and problems commonly faced by every researcher. For example: if any research discusses about the complex issues of global warming then one can take help of ecological, economical, ethical and political perspectives for resolving the issues of problem. While if any economist might work over it, they use to examine the benefits and cost involved in framing policies regarding global warming. On other hand, environmental ethicist focuses on examining the principles and ethical values at stake (Clinical Translational Research Fellowship Program Curriculum Core, 2016). Under discipline of ethics, different professions have their own standards of behavior that suits with their particular goals and objectives. These standards also assist members in maintaining their discipline and coordinating their actions or activities with their established standards. Ethical Norms serve the aims, goals, and objectives of research through applying the standards of conduct using scholarly and creative activities. Even in some researches there are specialized disciplines under the research ethic that helps in studying about the norms of research. There are several reasons for the fact that why it is important to follow the ethical norms of the research. The first and foremost reason behind the issue is to promote the objectives of research. It involves truth, knowledge, and avoidance of errors. For example: Prohibitions made by the researchers for presenting the fabricated, falsified and misrepresentative research data in the research promotes the truth and minimizes the chances of error. Secondly, in research, there is great deal that involves coordination between the team members and their cooperation under different disciplines. In order to maintain all these standards in the research, it is necessary to promote the essential values that can improve the collaboration in the work such as accountability, fairness, trust, and mutual respect. And many researches always prefer to receive credit for their ideas without stealing the matter of any other research or making any pre-mature disclosure (SMITH, 2003). Thirdly, ethical norms helps in ascertaining that with the disclosure of this research in the market, researchers will be held accountable to the public. Fourthly, ethical norms in the research build the public support for the researchers. It gathers much interest of the people for the funding purpose, if they have trust in quality and integrity of research. Finally, the research promotes variety of moral and social values, such as human rights, social responsibility, compliance of laws and public health and safety (Resnik, 2015). Bibliography Clinical Translational Research Fellowship Program Curriculum Core. (2016). Ethical Considerations in Research. Clinical Translational Science Institute/CTSI. Resnik, D. B. (2015, December 01). What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important? Retrieved August 23, 2016, from niehs: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ SMITH, D. (2003). Five principles for research ethics. American Psychological Association, 34 (01), 56. Social Research Methods. (2006). Ethics in Research. Retrieved August 23, 2016, from socialresearchmethods: https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php